Реконструкция истории нарушений чернично-сфагновых ельников в Центрально-Лесном заповеднике

Представлено исследование чернично-сфагновых ельников (из Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) в Центрально-Лесном заповеднике (Тверская область, подзона южной тайги). Пробные площади охватили 7 км2лесного массива. На всех пробных площадях были обнаружены угли. Реконструкция истории нарушений по кернам ели показала, что обследованная территория подвергалась пожарам высокой интенсивности в 1770 – 1780-е гг. и 1840 – 1870-е гг. Кроме того, часть елового массива испытала крупные ветровальные нарушения в 1900-х гг. (реконструкция), в 1987, 1996 и 2017/2018 гг., а также массовое усыхание в 2010 – 2020-х гг. За последние 250 лет прослеживается снижение частоты пирогенных нарушений и увеличение ветровальных. Редкость пожаров со второй половины XX в. – очевидный результат охраны заповедной территории. Период от последнего выявленного крупного нарушения до частичной или полной гибели древостоя (в настоящее время) составил в среднем 150 лет. Судя по таксационным описаниям 1939 г. в древостоях 17 из 20 пробных площадей (85%) ель доминировала уже через 70 лет после крупного нарушения (в основном после пожара), а в дальнейшем, за последующие 80 лет, соотношение ели и лиственных пород в древостое изменилось с 8:2 до 9:1. В моховом покрове за этот период произошла смена доминантов – Polytrichum commune Hedw. на Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ. За 250-летнюю историю обследованного елового массива разновозрастная структура древостоя не была достигнута. Через 150 лет после последних крупных нарушений в возрастной структуре выделяются два основных поколения ели, то есть на южной границе таежной зоны, говоря об устойчивости коренных древостоев, можно говорить только об устойчивом (непрерывном) существовании ельника на данной территории, которое определяется возможностью его самовозобновления. В настоящее время в Центрально-Лесном заповеднике присутствуют большие площади еловых молодняков на месте ураганных вывалов и участки сплошного усыхания древостоя ели. Такие леса пожароопасны, поэтому на современном этапе динамики еловых лесов Центрально-Лесного заповедника крайне важна охрана леса от пожаров.

1. Abrazhko V. I. Water stress in spruce forest communities in the central part of the Russian Plain. Botanicheskii zhurnal, 1988, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 563–573 (in Russian).

2. Aleinikov A. A., Tyurin A. V., Grabarnik P. Ya., Efimenko A. S. Features of the stand and deadwood in postfire aspen and birch forests in Northern Urals. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2018, vol 11, iss.7, pp. 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425518070132

3. Baltzer J. L., Day N. J., Walker X. J., Greene D., Mack M. C., Alexander H. D., Arseneault D., Barnes J., Bergeron Y., Boucher Y., Bourgeau-Chavez L., Brown C. D., Carrière S., Howard B. K., Gauthier S., Parisien M.-A., Reid K.A., Rogers B. M., Roland C., Sirois L., Stehn S., Thompson D. K., Turetsky M. R., Veraverbeke S., Whitman E., Yang J., Johnstone J. F. Increasing fire and the decline of fire adapted black spruce in the boreal forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021, vol. 118, no. 45, article no. e2024872118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024872118

4. Begović K., Schurman J. S., Svitok M., Pavlin J., Langbehn T., Svobodová K., Mikoláš M., Janda P., Synek M., Marchand W., Vitková L., Kozák D., Vostarek O., Čada V., Bače R., Svoboda M. Large old trees increase growth under shifting climatic constraints: Aligning tree longevity and individual growth dynamics in primary mountain spruce forests. Global Change Biology, 2023, vol. 29, iss. 1, pp. 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16461

5. Braslavskaya T. Yu., Geraskina A. P., Aleinikov A. A., Sibgatullin R. Z., Belyaeva N. V., Ukhova N. L., Korotkov V. N., Shilov D. S., Lugovaya D. L., Smirnova O. V. Long-term effect of wildfires on vascular plant and soil invertebrate diversity in primary fir-spruce forests of the Ural mountains (North Eurasia). Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology, 2022, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.21685/2500-0578-2022-1-5

6. Čada V., Svoboda M., Janda P. Dendrochronological reconstruction of the disturbance history and past development of the mountain Norway spruce in the Bohemian forest, Central Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 2013, vol. 295, pp. 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.037

7. Carter V. A., Moravcová A., Chiverrell R. C., Clear J. L., Finsinger W., Dreslerová D., Halsall K., Kuneš P. Holocene-scale fire dynamics of central European temperate spruce-beech forests. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2018, vol. 191, pp. 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.001

8. Engelmark O. Early post-fire tree regeneration in a Picea–Vaccinium forest in northern Sweden. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1993, vol. 4, iss. 6, pp. 791–794. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235616

9. Fedorchuk V. N., Dmitrov V. D. Normative-balance method of accounting for natural forest regeneration when determining appropriate volumes of reforestation measures. In: Chertovsky V. G., ed. The State of Regeneration and Ways of Forming Young Stands on Concentrated Clearings in the North-West of the European Part of the USSR: Abstracts of reports to the All-Union Conference. Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Institute of Forestry and Forest Chemistry Publ., 1971, pp. 101– 103 (in Russian).

10. Fisichelli N. A., Frelich L. E., Reich P. B. Temperate tree expansion into adjacent boreal forest patches facilitated by warmer temperatures. Ecography, 2014, vol. 37, iss. 2, pp. 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00197.x

11. GOST 18486-87. State Standard of the USSR. Forestry. Terms and Definitions. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo standartov, 1988. 17 p. (in Russian).

12. Janda P., Trotsiuk V., Mikoláš M., Bače R., Nagel T. A., Seidl R., Seedre M., Morrissey R. C., Kucbel S., Jaloviar P., Jasík M., Vysoký J., Šamonil P., Čada V., Mrhalová H., Lábusová J., Nováková M. H., Rydval M., Matêju L., Svoboda M. The historical disturbance regime of mountain norway spruce forests in the Western Carpathians and its influence on current forest structure and composition. Forest Ecology and Management, 2017, vol. 388, pp. 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.08.014

13. Johnstone J. F., Chapin F. S. Fire interval effects on successional trajectory in boreal forests of northwest Canada. Ecosystems, 2006, vol. 9, iss. 2, pp. 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0061-2

14. Karpov V. G., Shaposhnikov E. S. Spruce forests of the territory. In: Regulation Factors of Spruce Forest Ecosystems. Leningrad, Nauka, 1983, pp. 7–31 (in Russian).

15. Korchagin A. A. The impact of fires on forest vegetation and its recovery after fires in northern Europe. Proceedings of the Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Series III (Geobotany), 1954, iss. 9, pp. 75–149 (in Russian).

16. Kuosmanen N., Čada V., Halsall K., Chiverrell R. C., Schafstall N., Kuneš P., Boyle J. F., Knížek M., Appleby P. G., Svoboda M., Clear J. L. Integration of dendrochronological and palaeoecological disturbance reconstructions in temperate mountain forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 2020, vol. 475, article no. 118413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118413

17. Lorimer C. G., Frelich L. E. A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1989, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 651–663. https://doi.org/10.1139/x89-102

18. Malakhova E. G., Lyamtsev N. I. Extent and structure of Moscow region spruce forest dieback in 2010–2012. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj lesotehniceskoj akademii, 2014, no. 207, pp. 193–201 (in Russian).

19. Maslov A. A. Dynamic trends in protected forests in the central Russian Plain and analysis of the causes of succession dynamics in plant populations. In: Population Ecology: Structure and dynamics: Proceedings of the All-Russian conference. Moscow, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Publ., 1995, pt. 2, pp. 643–655 (in Russian).

20. Melehov I. S. On forest regeneration on burnt areas. Lesnoe khozyaistvo i lesoehksploatatsiya, 1933, no. 10, pp. 30–33 (in Russian).

21. Melehov I. S. The Impact of Fires on Forests. Moscow, Leningrad, Goslestekhizdat, 1948. 126 p. (in Russian).

22. Melehov I. S., Dusha-Gudym, S. I., Sergeeva, E. P. Forest Pyrology. Moscow, Moscow State Forest University Publ., 2007. 296 p. (in Russian).

23. Pugachevsky A. V. Spruce Price Populations: Structure, Dynamics, Regulatory Factors. Minsk, Nauka i Tekhnika, 1992. 204 p. (in Russian).

24. Pukinskaya M. Yu. Spruce stands forming in storm gaps of Central Forest Reserve and problem of spruce forest natural regeneration. Botanical Journal, 2009, vol. 94, no. 11, pp. 1657–1672 (in Russian).

25. Pukinskaya M. Yu. The group spruce decline in forests of south taiga. Botanical Journal, 2016, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 650–671 (in Russian).

26. Pukinskaya M. Yu. Picea abies growth at initial stages of formation of nemoral spruce forests (piceeta composita) in the Central Forest Nature Reserve. Botanical Journal, 2020a, vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 981–993 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0006813620100075

27. Pukinskaya M. Yu. On the origin of nemoral spruce forest standsin the Central Forest Reserve. Botanical Journal, 2020b, vol. 105, no. 12, pp. 1191–1206 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0006813620120157

28. Pukinskaya M. Yu. Tree species change in nemoral spruce forests of the Central Forest Reserve. Biology Bulletin, 2021, vol. 48, iss. 10, pp. 180–91. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359021100216

29. Pukinskaya M. Yu. Restoration of stand on the site of burnt spruce forest in the Central Forest Reserve. Botanical Journal, 2024, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 1132–154 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0006813624020023

30. Safronova I. N., Yurkovskaya T. K. Zonal regularities of vegetation cover on plains of the European Russia and their cartographic representation. Botanical Journal, 2015, vol. 100, no. 11, pp. 1121–1141 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006813615110010

31. Seidl R., Honkaniemi J., Aakala T., Aleinikov A., Angelstam P., Bouchard M., Boulanger Y., Burton Ph. J., Grandpré L., Gauthier S., Hansen W. D., Jepsen J. U., Jõgiste K., Kneeshaw D. D., Kuuluvainen T., Lisitsyna O., Makoto K., Mori A. S., Pureswaran D. S., Shorohova E., Shubnitsina E., Taylor A. R., Vladimirova N., Vodde F., Senf C. Globally consistent climate sensitivity of natural disturbances across boreal and temperate forest ecosystems. Ecography, 2020, vol. 43, iss. 7, pp. 967–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04995

32. Sergeev A. R., Prokofieva N. B. Changes in air temperature and the quantity of precipitation in the territory of the Central Forest State Natural Biosphere Reserve in the last 30 years. Herald of Tver State University. Series: Geography and Geoecology, 2021, no. 4, pp. 84–92 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.26456/2226-7719-2021-4-84-92

33. Sofronov M. A., Vakurov A. D. Fire in the Forest. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1981. 124 p. (in Russian).

34. Stevens-Rumann C. S., Kemp K. B., Higuera Ph. E., Harvey B. J., Rother M. T., Donato D. C., Morgan P., Veblen Th. T. Evidence for declining forest resilience to wildfires under climate change. Ecology Letters, 2017, vol. 21, iss. 2, pp. 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12889

35. Svoboda M., Janda P., Nagel T. A., Fraver S., Rejaek J., Bace R. Disturbance history of an old-growth sub-alpine Picea abies stand in the Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic. Journal of Vegetation Scince, 2011, vol. 23, iss. 1, pp. 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01329.x

36. Tikhodeeva M. Yu., Lebedeva V. X. Practical Geobotany (Analysis of Plant Community Composition): Textbook. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg University Publ., 2015. 166 p. (in Russian).

37. Tkachenko M. E. Forests of the North: From Forestry Research in the Arkhangelsk Province Trudy po lesnomu opytnomu delu v Rossii (St. Petersburg), 1911, iss. 25. 25 p. (in Russian).

38. Volkov V. P., Shaposhnikov E. S. Southern taiga-type sphagnum-blueberry forest: Structure and dynamics. In: Zheltukhin A. S., ed. Long-term Processes in the Natural Complexes of Russian Nature Reserves: Materials from the All-Russian scientific conference dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Velikie Luki, Central Forest State Reserve Publ., 2012, pp. 216–223 (in Russian).