Современная экспансия сипухи (Tyto alba) (Tytonidae, Aves) в Северной Евразии

   На севере Евразии до середины XX в. сипуха (Tyto alba) была спорадично распространена лишь в Прибалтике, на западе Белоруссии и Украины и в Молдавии. Однажды в 1942 г. залетная птица была добыта также в Туркмении. В конце XX в. появились сообщения о редких встречах сипух в Восточной Европе, а с начала XXI в. отмечена выраженная экспансия этих птиц, наблюдающаяся на юге Украины, в Крыму, в Предкавказье и Закавказье. Свои гнездовые ареалы одновременно расширяют разные подвиды, обитающие в Центральной и Южной Европе и на Среднем Востоке: T. a. guttata, T. a. alba и T. a. erlangeri. Однако визуальное определение подвидов и выяснение направления их экспансии затруднено сходством разных форм и их значительной индивидуальной изменчивостью, связанной с возрастом, полом, интерградацией с соседними подвидами и с другими факторами. Появление оседлых сипух в новых местах обычно предваряет их послегнездовая дисперсия, направленная в разные стороны и достигающая в отдельных случаях 1-2 тыс. км от места рождения. Благодаря расширению ареала, число популяций сипухи в разных регионах в последние десятилетия многократно увеличилось, но точные оценки их численности здесь отсутствуют из-за редкости и спорадичности новых находок, весьма скрытного образа жизни этих птиц и недостаточных знаний их экологии и этологии на севере Евразии. Рассматривается систематика разных популяций сипухи в Северной Евразии и основные диагностические признаки некоторых подвидов, обитающих на севере Евразии, а также анализируются особенности их исторического и современного распространения и расселения в Евразии. Автор обсуждает также возможные причины и механизмы дисперсии сипух и касается сведений о динамике их численности в разных регионах.

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