Бактерии в технологиях биоремедиации загрязненных почв

   Защита почв от загрязнения и восстановление их природных функций входят в число важнейших задач устойчивого развития. В настоящее время учеными разных стран проводятся активные исследования, направленные на поиск наилучших технологий ремедиации загрязненных территорий. Перспективными в этом отношении могут стать технологии биоремедиации, предполагающие использование различных микроорганизмов (МО), в частности бактерий, для разрушения или инактивации загрязняющих веществ. Бактерии имеют весьма пластичный генетический аппарат. Благодаря мутационному процессу в геноме этих МО появляются новые гены, позволяющие не только выживать в загрязненной среде, но и использовать ксенобиотики для получения энергии и пластических веществ. Наибольший интерес в качестве агентов биоремедиации могут представлять бактерии, относящиеся к типам Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria и Cyanobacteria. Эффективные штаммы этих бактерий способны инактивировать тяжелые металлы, разрушать нефтяные углеводороды, ароматические соединения, пестициды, фармацевтические препараты, красители, синтетические полимеры и другие поллютанты. Метаболические возможности бактерий могут быть расширены и усилены за счет редактирования их генома и создания искусственных саморегулирующихся консорциумов, включающих симбиотические МО, реализующие разные метаболические пути. Серьезным препятствием на пути широкого внедрения технологий биоремедиации в практику является недостаточные устойчивость и жизнеспособность выращенных в биореакторах штаммов в природной среде. Повышению стабильности и эффективности микробных технологий может способствовать использование новейших достижений генной и клеточной инженерии, интеллектуальных материалов, возможностей адресной доставки микроорганизмов-деструкторов и интеллектуального мониторинга.

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