Агроклиматические условия местообитаний и морфометрическая характеристика растений Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier (Apiaceae, Apiales) на территории Западно- го Кавказа

   В ходе маршрутных наблюдений выявлены местообитания растений Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier на территории Карачаево-Черкесской Республики и Краснодарского края. Анализ климатических данных показал, что в естественном ареале на Западном Кавказе оптимальные условия для роста и развития вида складываются в диапазоне высот от 700 до 1300 м над уровнем моря. Лимитирующими факторами расселения выступают длительность периода с устойчивым снежным покровом и высота снежного покрова, которые определяют возможность стратификации семян и вероятность холодового повреждения зимующих органов растений. В естественных местообитаниях на Кавказе растения встречаются одиночно или группами, насчитывающими до 30 – 50 особей. На трансформированных территориях вид формирует монодоминантные заросли с близким к 100 % проективным покрытием. В репродуктивный период растения вступают в возрасте от 2 до 4 полных лет жизни. Высота генеративных особей H. mantegazzianum достигает 350 см, масса наиболее крупных растений – от 11 до 20 кг, что сопоставимо с характеристиками особей этого вида во вторичном ареале.

1. Abramova L. M., Golovanov Y. M., Rogozhnikova D. R. Sosnowsky’s Hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., Apiaceae) in Bashkortostan. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 2021, vol. 12, iss. 2, pp. 127–135. doi: 10.1134/S2075111721020028

2. Afonin A. N., Luneva N. N., Li Y. S., Kotsareva N. V. Ecological-geographical analysis of distribution pattern and occurrence of cow-parsnip (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) with respect to area aridity and its mapping in European Russia. Russian Journal of Ecology, 2017, vol. 48, iss. 1, pp. 86–89. doi: 10.1134/S1067413617010039

3. Afonin A. N., Greene S. L., Dzyubenko N. I., Frolov A. N., eds. Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds [Online]. 2008. Available at: https://agroatlas.ru (accessed January 20, 2025).

4. Akatov V. V., Akatova T. V. Post-grazing recovery of subalpine meadows on Lagonaki upland (the West Caucasus). Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists. Biological Series, 2017, vol. 122, iss. 2, pp. 42–54 (in Russian).

5. Aprikyan S. V. Study of species of the genus Hogweed (Heracleum L.) in the natural flora of the Armenian SSR. Bulletin of the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1979, no. 25, pp. 134–140 (in Russian).

6. Bolotova E. S. Life expectancy of Sosnovsky cow parsnip under culture conditions in the Central zone of the Komi ASSR. In: Biological Research in the North-East of the European Part of the USSR (Yearbook). Syktyvkar, Komi Institute of Biology, Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1974, pp. 54–59 (in Russian).

7. Chadin I. F., Dalke I. V. Malyshev R. V. Evaluation of Heracleum sosnowskyi frost resistance after snow cover removal in early spring. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 2019, vol. 10, iss. 1, pp. 83–91. doi: 10.1134/S2075111719010041

8. Chadin I. Global historical climatology network-daily database data file converter. Zenodo, 2021. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4518811

9. Dalke I. V., Chadin I. F., Malyshev R. V., Zakhozhiy I. G., Tishin D. V., Kharevsky A. A., Solod E. G., Shaikina M. N., Popova M. Y., Polyudchenkov I. P., Tagunova I. I., Lyazev P. A., Belyaeva A. V. Laboratory and field assessment of the frost resistance of Sosnowsky’s Hogweed. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 2020, vol. 11, iss. 1, pp. 9–20. doi: 10.1134/S2075111720010026

10. Dalke I., Zakhozhiy I., Chadin I. Heracleum mantegazzianum occurrences recorded during short expedition in Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russia) in 2022. Version 1.1. Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Occurrence Dataset, 2023a. doi: 10.15468/g7mzru

11. Dalke I. V., Maslova S. P., Plyusnina S. N., Zraychenko E. S., Bobrov Yu. A. A new method for determining the calendar age of plants of Heracleum sosnowskyi and evaluation based on the age composition in cenopopulations of the species in the north. Russian Journal of Ecology, 2023b, vol. 54, iss 3, pp. 221–228. doi: 10.1134/S1067413623030013

12. Dalke I. V., Maslova S. P., Zakhozhiy I. G., Golke G. A., Smotrina Yu. A. Structure of ceno-populations of Heracleum sosnowskyi and mechanisms for maintaining their stability under the north conditions. Russian Journal of Ecology, 2024, vol. 55, iss 2, pp. 79–88. doi: 10.1134/S1067413624020024

13. Dalke I. V., Malyshev R. V., Zakhozhiy I. G., Chadin I. F. Bet-hedging strategies in Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier (Apiaceae) populations of the European Northeast Russia. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 2025a, vol. 15, iss 5, pp. 662–672. doi: 10.1134/S2079086425700136

14. Dalke I., Chadin I., Zakhozhiy I. Supplementary materials for the manuscript “The agroclimatic conditions of habitats and the morphostructural characteristics of Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) plants on the territory of Western Caucasus”. Zenodo, 2025b. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14789474

15. Dudova K. V., Dzhatdoeva T. M., Dudov S. V., Akhmetzhanova A. A., Tekeev D. K., Onipchenko V. G. Competitive strategy of the subalpine tallgrass species of Northwest Caucasus. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 16. Biologiya, 2019, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 179–187 (in Russian).

16. Efremov Yu. V., Panov V. D., Lurye P. M., Ilyichev Yu. G., Panova S. V., Lutkov D. A. Orography, Glaciation, Climate of the Great Caucasus: Parience of the Complex Characteristic and Interrelat. Krasnodar, Kuban State University Publ., 2007. 338 p. (in Russian).

17. Gioria M., Hulme P. E., Richardson D. M., Pyšek P. Why are invasive plants successful? Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2023, vol. 74, pp. 635–670. doi: 10.1146/annurevarplant-070522-071021

18. Gudžinskas Z., Žalneravičius E. Seedling dynamics and population structure of invasive Heracleum sosnowskyi (Apiaceae) in Lithuania. Annales Botanici Fennici, 2018, vol. 55, iss. 4/6, pp. 309–320. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26849000

19. Gulov D. M., Onipchenko V. G., Martynenko V. B., Fedorov N. I., Logvinenko O. A., Uzdenov U. B., Khubieva O. P. Composition of aboveground phytomass of subalpine tallgrass in Teberdinsky National Park. Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists. Biological Series, 2022, vol. 127, iss. 5, pp. 46–53 (in Russian).

20. Marchenko A. A. Biological Features and Feed Advantages of Sosnovsky Hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.): Diss. Cand. Sci. (Biol.). Leningrad, 1953. 255 p. (in Russian).

21. Menne M. J., Durre I., Vose R. S., Gleason B. E., Houston T. G. An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Database. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2012, vol. 29, iss. 7, pp. 897–910. doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00103.1

22. Menshakova M. Yu. Species of the Black Book of flora of Average Russia on the territory of Murmansk. Natural Sciences, 2011, no. 3, pp. 50–55 (in Russian).

23. Moravcová L., Carta A., Pyšek P., Skálová Н., Gioria M. Long-term seed burial reveals differences in the seed-banking strategies of naturalized and invasive alien herbs. Scientific Reports, 2022, vol. 12, article no. 8859. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12884-0

24. Nielsen C., Hartvig P., Kollmann J. Predicting the distribution of the invasive alien Heracleum mantegazzianum at two different spatial scales. Diversity Distribution, 2008, vol. 14, iss. 2, pp. 307–317. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00456.x

25. Otte A., Franke R. The ecology of the Caucasian herbaceous perennial Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. et Lev. (Giant Hogweed) in cultural ecosystems of Central Europe. Phytocoenologia, 1998, vol. 28, iss. 2, pp. 205–232. doi: 10.1127/phyto/28/1998/205

26. Ozerova N. A., Krivosheina M. G. Patterns of secondary range formation for Heracleum sosnowskyi and H. mantegazzianum on the territory of Russia. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 2018, vol. 9, iss. 2, pp. 155–162. doi: 10.1134/S2075111718020091

27. Pergl J., Perglova I., Pyšek P., Dietz H. Population age structure and reproductive behaviour of the monocarpic perennial Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) in its native and invaded distribution ranges. American Journal of Botany, 2006, vol. 93, iss. 7, pp. 1018–1028. doi: 10.3732/ajb.93.7.1018

28. Prirodnye usloviya i estestvennye resursy SSSR. Kavkaz. Red. I. P. Gerasimov, N. V. Dumitrashko [Gerasimov I. P., Dumitrashko N. V., eds. Natural Conditions and Natural Resources of the USSR. The Caucasus]. Moscow, Nauka, 1966. 482 p. (in Russian).

29. Pyšek P., Cock M. J. W., Nentwig W., Ravn H. P., eds. Ecology and Management of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). Cambridge, CABI International, 2007. 324 p.

30. Pyšek P., Bacher S., Kühn I., Novoa A., Catford J. A., Hulme P. E., Pergl J., Richardson D. M., Wilson J. R. U., Blackburn T. M. Macroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA): Disentangling large-scale context dependence in biological invasions. NeoBiota, 2020, vol. 62, pp. 407–461. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.62.52787

31. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2025. Available at: https://www.R-project.org (accessed November 1, 2025).

32. Satsyperova I. F. Borshcheviki flory SSSR – novye kormovye rasteniya [Hogweeds of the USSR Flora: New Fodder Plants]. Leningrad, Nauka, 1984. 233 p. (in Russian).

33. Schneider C., Rasband W., Eliceiri K. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 2012, vol. 9, iss. 7, pp. 671–675. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2089

34. Senator S. A., Vinogradova Y. K. Invasive plants of Russia: Results of inventory, peculiarities of distribution, and management issues. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 2023, vol. 13, iss. 6, pp. 681–690. doi: 10.1134/S2079086423060130

35. Shadrin D. M., Dalke I. V., Zakhozhiy I. G., Shilnikov D. S., Kozhin M. N. Chadin I. F. DNA barcode marker analysis of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. and Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier (Apiaceae) from European Russia. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 2024a, vol. 15, iss. 3, pp. 416–431. doi: 10.1134/S2075111724700309

36. Shadrin D., Dalke I., Zakhozhiy I., Shilnikov D., Kozhin M., Chadin I. Supplementary materials for the manuscript “Heracleum sosnowskyi or Heracleum mantegazzianum? DNA-based identification of invasive hogweeds (Apiaceae) in two key regions of the species’ invasion history in the former USSR”. Zenodo, 2024b. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10439140

37. Tappeiner U., Cernusca A. Model simulation of spatial distribution of photosynthesis in structurally differing plant communities in the Central Caucasus. Ecological Modelling, 1998, vol. 113, iss. 1, pp. 201–223. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00144-6

38. Tkachenko K. G. Heteromericarpy of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (Umbelliferae = Apiaceae). Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding, 2020, vol. 181, no. 4, pp. 156–163 (in Russian). doi: 10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-156-163

39. Zakhozhiy I. G., Dalke I. V., Chadin I. F., Kanev V. A. Ecogeographical analysis of the Heracleum persicum, H. mantegazzianum, and H. sosnowskyi distribution at the northern limit of their secondary ranges in Europe. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 2022, vol. 13, iss 2, pp. 203–214. doi: 10.1134/S2075111722020138

40. Zernov A. S. Flora of the North-Western Caucasus. Moscow, KMK Scientific Press, 2006. 664 p. (in Russian).