К возможности восстановления поселений крапчатого суслика – Spermophilus suslicus (Sciuridae, Mammalia) в Пензенской области с позиций фитоценотического подхода

Депрессия численности и исчезновение поселений крапчатого суслика (Spermophilus suslicus Güld., 1770) в Пензенской области ставят этот вид на грань исчезновения в регионе. Сходная ситуация снижения численности крапчатого суслика вплоть до его исчезновения складывается практически по всему ареалу вида. В нашем исследовании мы впервые предприняли попытку оценки биотопов для восстановления популяций крапчатого суслика с фитоценотических позиций. На территории области обследовали более 30 точек былого обитания крапчатого суслика и выполнили более 85 геоботанических описаний биотопов. В настоящее время поселений крапчатого суслика обнаружено не было. Анализ ординации полученных геоботанических описаний позволил выделить перспективные биотопы для восстановления поселений крапчатого суслика в Пензенской области. Основным видом биотопов S. suslicus в настоящее время являются антропогенно трансформированные биотопы – пастбища и выгоны. Сенокосы не способствуют в полной мере устойчивому выживанию вида, а только поддерживают кратковременное существование его поселений. Однако, восстановление поселений или увеличение плотности популяций S. suslicus без вмешательства человека не происходит. Поэтому, на наш взгляд, в местах былого обитания крапчатого суслика необходима комплексная работа по восстановлению и искусственному поддержанию антропогенно трансформированных биотопов с высоким участием в них кормовых видов, с последующим планируемым вселением суслика в них.

1. Andreychev A. V., Zhalilov A. B., Kulakhmetov R. M. The current status of steppe mammal populations in Mordovia. Mammals of Russia: Faunistics and Zoogeographical Issues: Proceedings of the conference. Moscow, KMK Scientific Press, 2019, pp. 11–14 (in Russian).

2. Bakaeva S. S., Titov S. V. Current distribution of the spotted ground squirrel (S. suslicus Güld.) in the Volga region: Number depression and ecological causes of area dynamics. Izvestia Penzenskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta imeni V. G. Belinskogo, 2012, no. 29, pp. 181–184 (in Russian).

3. Bogdanov M. N. Birds and mammals of the chernozem zone in the Volga region and valleys of both Middle Volga and Lower Volga (biogeographic materials). Proceedings of the Society of Naturalists in the Imperial Kazan University, 1871, vol. 1, pp. 4–226 (in Russian).

4. Brandler O. V. The speckled ground squirrels: From hatred to love. Okhrana dikoy prirody, 2023, no. 1 (41), pp. 22–25 (in Russian).

5. Brandler O. V., Vlassova O. P., Vlassov E. A. Reintroduction of steppe marmot to Centralno-Chernozemny reserve. Steppe Bulletin, 2012, no. 35, pp. 50–55 (in Russian).

6. Dudnikov A. A., Chernyshova O. V., Simakov M. D., Titov S. V. The history of the study of the distribution and the current state of the populations of ground squirrels of the Samara region. Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology, 2022, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–11 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.21685/2500-0578-2022-1-1

7. Fedorovich F. F. Animals and birds of the Penza province. Trudy Penzenskogo obshchestva lyubiteley prirody, 1915, iss. 2, pp. 41–76 (in Russian).

8. Glowacinski Z., ed. Red List of Threatened Animals in Poland. Cracow, Institute of Nature Conservation of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 2002. 155 p.

9. Guo X., Liu C., Bi S., Zhang X. A framework for developing biodiversity conservation networks based on morphological spatial pattern analysis and the maximum entropy model: A case study of the Jianghan Plain, China. Diversity, 2025, vol. 17, iss. 1, art. 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17010050

10. Guryleva G. M. Ecological zonal complexes of mammals in the Ulyanovsk, Penza, and Right Bank of the Saratov region. In: Voprosy biogeografii Srednego i Nizhnego Povolzh'ya [Issues in the Biogeography of the Middle and Lower Volga Region]. Saratov, Saratov State University Publ., 1968, pp. 259–266 (in Russian).

11. Hill M. O., Gauch H. G. Detrended correspondence analysis: An improved ordination technique. Vegetatio, 1980, vol. 42, iss. 1–3, pp. 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048870

12. Ilyin V. Yu., Bystrakova N. V., Dobrolyubov A. N., Ermakov O. A., Zolina N. F., Kurmaeva N. M., Lukyanov S. B., Pavlova S. V., Smirnov D. G., Titov S. V. An overview of the mammal fauna of the Penza region. Izvestia Penzenskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta imeni V. G. Belinskogo. Estestvennye nauki, 2006, no. 1, pp. 73–89 (in Russian).

13. Klimov A. S. The speckled ground squirrels, Spermophilus suslicus (Güldenstaedt, 1770). In: Red Book of the Voronezh Region: in 2 vols. Vol. 2: Animals. Voronezh, Tsentr dukhovnogo vozrozhdeniya Chernozemnogo kraya, 2018, pp. 417 (in Russian).

14. Leonova N. A., Kartavov N. A., Chernyshova O. V., Volkova E. K., Titov S. V. Vegetation transformation as a limiting factor in the existence of rodent populations in open area (using the example of Spermophilus suslicus). Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, 2025, no. 1, pp. 31–47 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2025-1-31-47

15. Leopold C. R., Fortini L. B., Sprague J., Sprague R. S., Hess S. C. Using systematic conservation planning to identify climate resilient habitat for endangered species recovery while retaining areas of cultural importance. Conservation, 2024, vol. 4, iss, 3, pp. 435–451. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4030028

16. Lugonja T. N., Pouwels R., Arok M., Radisik D., Cosic N., Cirovic D., Wamelink G. W. W. Combining local monitoring data and scientific models to prioritize conservation for European ground squirrel and safeguard grassland habitats. Landscape Ecology, 2025, vol. 40, iss. 1, art. 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-024-02037-1

17. McCune B., Grace J. B. Analysis of Ecological Communities. Gleneden Beach, Oregon, MjM Software Design, 2002. 300 p.

18. McCune B., Mefford M. J. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Gleneden Beach, Oregon, MjM Software Design, 1999. 237 p.

19. McManus J., Smit A. J., Faraut L., Couldridge V., Deventer J. van, Samuels I., Devens C., Smuts B. The recolonisation of the Piketberg leopard population: A model for human–wildlife coexistence in a changing landscape. Conservation, 2024, vol. 4, iss. 2, pp. 273–287. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4020018

20. Nedosekin V. Yu. Mammals. In: Priroda Plyushchani [The Nature of Plyushchany]. Voronezh, Nauchnaya kniga, 2014, pp. 243–253 (in Russian).

21. Nedosekin V. Yu. The Class Mammalia. In: Pozvonochnye zapovednika “Galich'ya gora” [Vertebrates of the “Galichya Gora” Nature Reserve]. Voronezh, Voronezh State University Publ., 2016, pp. 144–165 (in Russian).

22. Numerov A. D., Vengerov P. D., Sokolov A. Yu., Klimov A. S., Ushakov M. V., Masalykin A. I., Trufanova E. I., Tranquilevsky D. V., Kvasov D. A. Nazemnye pozvonochnye Voronezhskoy oblasti. Kadastr [Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Voronezh Region. Catalog]. Belgorod, Izdatel'stvo Sangalova K. Yu., 2021. 612 p. (in Russian).

23. Pivanova S. V., Shubina Yu. E. Factors affecting the abundance of speckled ground squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus Güldenstaedt, 1770) in natural and anthropogenic landscapes. In: Pest Management and Problems of Biodiversity Conservation: Materials of the Russian ScientificPractical Conference with International Participation. Moscow, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2009, pp. 48–49 (in Russian).

24. Pivanova S. V., Shubina Yu. E. The city cemetery as a habitat for the spotted ground squirrel population. Species Populations and Communities in Anthropogenically Transformed Landscapes: Status and Methods of Assessment: Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific and Practical Environmental Conference. Belgorod, IPC POLITERRA, 2010, pp. 177–178 (in Russian).

25. Red Book of the Penza Region. Vol. 2. Animals. 2nd ed. Voronezh, Izdatel'stvo im. E. A. Bolkhovitinova, 2019. 264 p. (in Russian).

26. Red Data Book of Russian Federation. Animals. 2nd ed. Moscow, VNII Ecology Publ., 2021.1128 p. (in Russian).

27. Sapelnikov S. F. Why the attempt to establish a new colony of the speckled ground squirrels (Spermophilus suslicus) failed. Mammals of Russia: Faunistics and Zoogeographical Issues: Proceedings of the conference. Moscow, KMK Scientific Press, 2019, pp. 247–250 (in Russian).

28. Sapelnikov S. F., Sapelnikova I. I. Conserving endangered species is our shared responsibility! Voronezhsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve named after V. Peskov. Voronezh, 2017. Available at: https://zapovednik-vrn.ru/press-center/blogs/sohranenie-ischezayuwego-vida-nasha-obwaya-zadacha/ (accessed June 19, 2025) (in Russian).

29. Sapelnikov S. F., Sapelnikova I. I. Results of the reacclimatization of the spotted ground squirrel to pasture and possible prospects for the conservation of the species. Spatio-Temporal Aspects of Biosystem Functioning: Proceedings of the XVI International Scientific Ecological Conference in Memory of Alexander Vladimirovich Prisny. Belgorod, Belgorod State University Publ., 2020a, pp. 112–117 (in Russian).

30. Sapelnikov S. F., Sapelnikova I. I. Experience of reintroduction of Spermophilus suslicus Güld. in the Nature park “Oleniy”. Problems of Zoocultures and Ecology. Moscow, Moscow zoo Publ., 2020b, iss. 4, pp. 207–216 (in Russian).

31. Sapelnikov S. F., Sapelnikova I. I. Retrospective analysis of condition of populations of Spermophilus suslicus Güldenstädt, 1770 in Central Black Earth region and in adjacent territories and possible ways of preserving the species. Field Biologist Journal, 2021, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 167–212 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.52575/2658-3453-2021-3-2-167-212

32. Shekarova O. N., Savinetskaya L. E. The Spotted ground squirrel in the Moscow region (a retrospective analysis). Mammals of Russia: Faunistics and Zoogeographical Issues: Proceedings of the conference. Moscow, KMK Scientific Press, 2019, pp. 321–324 (in Russian).

33. Shokalo S. I., Yankevich Yu. A. Speckled ground squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus) in Belarus. The history of disappearance and the present state. Topical Issues of Zoology, Ecology and Nature Protection. Iss. 4: Materials of the national scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the organization of the Department of Zoology, Ecology and Nature Protection named after A. G. Bannikov MGAVMiB-MVA of K. I. Skryabin. Moscow, ZooVetBook, 2022, pp. 140–158 (in Russian).

34. Sokolov A. S., Lada G. A. The spotted ground squirrel, Spermophilus suslicus (Güldenstädt, 1770). In: Red Book of the Tambov Region: Animals. Tambov, Izdatel'stvo “Yulis”, 2012, pp. 325 (in Russian).

35. Spotted suslik: To be or not to be?! Laboratory for Population Ecology of the Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution RAS. Moscow, 2024. Available at: https://popecollab.science/rus/project_single.php?page=6 (accessed May 14, 2025) (in Russian).

36. Stoyko T. G., Denisov V. P., Gudkov A. S. Speckled ground squirrel as an indicator of anthropogenic impact on steppe communities of the forest-steppe zone. In: Materialy V soveshchaniya po gryzunam [Proceedings of the V Meeting on Rodents]. Moscow, Nauka, 1980, pp. 447–449 (in Russian).

37. The “Spotted Ground Squirrel – Preserving the Gene Pool and the Right to Life” Project. “Voroninsky” State Nature Reserve, 2023. Available at: https://voroninsky.ru/proyekt-krapchatyy-suslik/ (accessed May 25, 2025) (in Russian).

38. Titov S. V. Relationships Between the Speckled Ground Squirrel and the Great Ground Squirrel in the Recently Emerged Sympatry Zone. Thesis Diss. Cand. Sci. (Biol.). Moscow, 1999. 24 p. (in Russian).

39. Titov S. V. Current distribution and changes in number of the spotted souslik, Spermophilus suslicus, in the eastern part of its range. Zoologicheskiy zhurnal, 2001, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 230–235 (in Russian).

40. Titov S. V., Kuzmin A. A., Naumov R. V., Ermakov O. A., Zaks S. S., Chernyshova O. V. Dynamics of Habitats and the Current State of Settlements of Terrestrial Squirrels in the Right Bank Regions of the Volga Region. Penza, Penza State University Publ., 2015. 124 p. (in Russian).

41. Titov S. V., Kartavov N. A., Leonova N. A., Smirnov D. G., Chernyshova O. V., Kuzmin A. A. Current status of populations of speckled ground squirrels (Spermophilus suslicus Güld.) in Volga region: History and scale of extinction. Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology, 2024, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1–13 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.21685/2500-0578-2024-3-1

42. Tsyganov D. N. Fitoindikatsiya ekologicheskikh rezhimov v podzone khvoynoshirokolistvennykh lesov [Phyto-indication of Ecological Regimes in the Subzone of Coniferousdeciduous Forests.]. Moscow, Nauka, 1983. 196 p. (in Russian).

43. Zhigarev I. V., Rumyantsev V. Yu. Modern situation in spotted ground squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus) populations within the forest steppe of European Russiа. Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists. Biological Series, 2024, vol. 129, iss. 6, pp. 3–13 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.55959/MSU0027-1403-BB-2024-129-6-3-13