Влияние структурного разнообразия растительности на разложение опада Валуевского лесопарка г. Москвы

Представлены результаты количественной оценки влияния биотических и абиотических факторов на скорость разложения листового опада в лесных экосистемах Валуевского лесопарка г. Москвы с учётом пространственной неоднородности на трёх иерархических уровнях: тип биогеоценоза (дубово-еловый кислично-разнотравный и берёзоволиповый волосисто-осоковый), парцелла (участки с сомкнутым пологом крон и лесные окна) и элементарный биогеоареал. Для изучения интенсивности разложения листового опада липы (Tilia cordata), берёзы (Betula pendula) и дуба (Quercus robur) в период с ноября 2021 по ноябрь 2022 г. был заложен полевой эксперимент с использованием мешочков, изолированных (ячея 0.2 мм) и доступных (ячея 4 мм) для почвенной макрофауны. Одновременно оценивали биомассу почвенных сапрофагов, грибов, бактерий и гидротермические параметры. Установлено, что качество листового опада является доминирующим регулятором процесса деструкции опада, объясняя 32% вариации скорости разложения. Вклад почвенной макрофауны составил 9%: доступ макросапрофагов ускорял разложение липового опада в 1.5 раза, тогда как дубовый опад преимущественно трансформировался микроорганизмами. Влияние структурного разнообразия растительности реализуется опосредованно – через формирование качества опада и микроклиматических условий. В сообществах с преобладанием опада высокого качества (березово-липовые леса) сохранение функционального разнообразия сапрофагов приводит к интенсификации биологического круговорота. В сообществах с доминированием опада низкого качества (дубово-еловые леса) с более выраженной парцеллярной структурой ключевую роль играет взаимодействие гидротермических условий (объём осадков, температура) и почвенной биоты. Результаты обосновывают необходимость повышения и сохранения внутрибиогеоценотической гетерогенности лесных экосистем. 

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