Систематика, экология и токсинология австралийских наземных ядовитых змей подсемейства Hydrophiinae (Морские змеи) (Elapidae, Reptilia)

В обзоре мировой литературы представлены актуальная систематика, экология и токсинология змей подсемейства Hydrophiinae – генетической клады, включающей наиболее токсичных австралийских наземных аспидов и морских змей. Рассмотрено пространственное распределение и встречаемость аспидов, привязанные к климатическим зонам и ландшафтам континента. Выполнен анализ основных патогенетических факторов и рассмотрены механизмы действия яда змей (Acanthophis, Oxyuranus, Notechis, Pseudechis, Pseudonaja и др.), представляющих смертельную опасность. Картина отравления ядами змей представлена нейротоксическими, миотоксическими, гемотоксическими, кардиотоксическими и нефротоксическими эффектами. Приведена характеристика наиболее полно изученных и клинически важных австралийских змей и продуцируемых ими токсинов, которые являются мощным биологическим оружием для защиты хозяина и уничтожения добычи. Отдельно рассмотрены коагулопатии, вызванные либо активацией общего пути свертывания (прокоагулянтный эффект яда), либо антикоагулянтным его действием, либо сочетанием обоих факторов. Развитие технологий секвенирования радикально меняет изучение австралийских аспидов и по мере появления более качественных геномов возможен более глубокий анализ вклада транспозонов и горизонтального переноса генов в адаптивную эволюцию, раскрывающий ключевые механизмы приобретения новых функций и адаптаций организма.

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