Биоудобрения и агенты биологического контроля на основе ризосферных микроорганизмов

   Ориентация на замену синтетических удобрений, регуляторов роста и средств защиты растений препаратами биологического происхождения позволяет снизить экологическую нагрузку на окружающую среду, сохранить биологическое разнообразие и почвенное плодородие, замедлить истощение природных ресурсов. Особый интерес для создания коммерческих биопрепаратов (биоудобрений, биостимуляторов, агентов биологического контроля) представляют дружественные растения ризосферные микроорганизмы (бактерии, грибы, водоросли). В статье представлен обзор научных публикаций, посвященных вопросам производства и применения биопрепаратов сельскохозяйственного назначения (инокулянтов) на основе способствующих росту растений бактерий (PGPR), грибов (PGPF) и эукариотических микроводорослей. По имеющимся оценкам, объем рынка биоудобрений в 2025 г. должен достигнуть $ 2.83 млрд. Крупные компании, работающие на рынке биопрепаратов, акцентируют внимание на разработке инновационных продуктов, позволяющих повысить супрессивность и плодородие почв за счет улучшения микробного разнообразия, повышения доступности питательных веществ, подавления опасных фитопатогенов. Ведущей тенденцией последних десятилетий становится ориентация производителей на внедрение технологий генной инженерии, позволяющих адаптировать инокулянты к конкретным потребностям сельскохозяйственных культур, повысить их эффективность и устойчивость к воздействию неблагоприятных факторов, обеспечить успешную интеграцию с аборигенными микробными сообществами. К основным задачам в сфере биотехнологии, которые необходимо решить на современном этапе, следует отнести подтверждение качества биопродуктов, увеличение сроков хранения, гарантию эффективности, снижение себестоимости, обеспечение экологической и санитарной безопасности. Для обеспечения надлежащего качества биопрепаратов и гарантированного эффекта от их применения необходима разработка технологий производства больших количеств чистых (свободных от других микроорганизмов) инокулянтов с высоким потенциалом инфицирования.

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