Microbiological safety of the accelerated manure processing technology

Modern animal husbandry requires new environmentally friendly technologies for the processing and disposal of its by-products (BPAH), namely: manure and manure effluents from livestock complexes. One of these technologies is the production of reconstituted litter (RL) in Bedding Recovery Units (BRU) from cattle manure, introduced at one of the dairy complexes in the Kirov region. The recycling technology used made it possible to obtain a homogeneous product of a soft, loose consistency, high hydroscopicity, brown color with a weak characteristic earthy odor. Manure processing in BRU for 24 h at a temperature within 69±4°C contributes to a significant decrease in the humidity of manure effluents, an increase in the mass fraction of organic matter, ash content, pH, as well as a significant decrease of the total number of microorganisms (MO) (by 68.2 times) and species diversity (by 2.2 times). Proteus, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, Peptococcus, Aspergillus, and Klebsiella, which are among the causative agents of mastitis, have disappeared from the microbiota. The numbers of opportunistic Enterococci decreased from (8.0±0.5)×10⁶ down to (5.0±0.5)×10⁴ CFU/ml. After processing in BRU, Bifidobacteria took a dominant position in the composition of microbiota in RL (63% of the total number of identified MO). This fact should be regarded as an advantage of the used technology and one of the advantages of the RL. However, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the genera Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, and Candida showed high resistance to manure effluent processing in BRU. According to the chemical analysis results, the content of cattle on RL led to the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in litter manure, which is due to the gradual degradation of organic components of RL during recycling. The presented results can be used to optimize the parameters of processing cattle manure using BRU to improve the quality of RL.

1. Astashkina A. P. Up to day review the biological feature of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 2010, no. 1, рр. 133–139 (in Russian).

2. Caceres M., Nord C. E., Weintraub A. Ecological aspects of antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2001, vol. 3, no. 1, рр. 39–47 (in Russian).

3. Gagnon M., Hamelin L., Fréchette A., Dufour S., Roy D. Effect of recycled manure solids as bedding on bulk tank milk and implications for cheese microbiological quality. Journal of Dairy Science, 2020, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 128–140.

4. Kolevatykh E. P., Pilip L. V., Syrchina N. V., Kozvonin V. A., Ashikhmina T. Ya. Transformation of the microbiota of animal husbandry waste under the influence of chemical reagents to eliminate odor. Theoretical and Applied Ecology, 2022, no. 4, pр. 159–165 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2022-4-159-165

5. Laptev G. Yu., Novikova N. I., Ilina L. A., Yildirim E. A., Soldatova V. V., Nikonov I. N. Моlecular-genetic investigation of microorganisms corresponding mastide in cattle. Actual Issues in Agricultural Biology, 2017, no. 4, рр. 30–34 (in Russian).

6. Lartseva L. V., Obukhova O. V. Comparative assessment of the sanitary and hygienic significance of Klebsiella isolated from clinical material and hydroecosystems. Literature review. Astrakhan Bulletin for Environmental Education, 2020, no. 2(56), рр. 143–154 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.36698/2304-5957-2020-19-2-143-154

7. Leach K. A., Archer S. C., Breen J. E., Green M. J., Ohnstad I. C., Tuer S., Bradley A. J. Recycling manure as cow bedding: Potential benefits and risks for UK dairy farms. The Veterinary Journal, 2015, vol. 206, iss. 2, pp. 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.013

8. Lyashenko V. V., Kaeshova I. V., Vorobeva A. A. The effect of bio-litter on the productive qualities of cows. Surskiy Vestnik, 2021, no. 3(15), рр. 43–48 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.36461/2619-1202_2021_03_007

9. Munshi S. K., Roy J., Noor R. Microbiological investigation and determination of the antimicrobial potential of cow dung samples. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, 2018, vol. 8, iss. 1, pp. 34–37. https://doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v8i1.42437

10. Mushina M. V., Telyatnikova N. V. Microflora of manure. Youth and Science, 2016, no. 8, рр. 8 (in Russian). Pilip L. V., Syrchina N. V. The importance of microorganisms-ammonifiers of manure effluents in the emission of ammonia. KSTU News, 2023, no. 68, pp. 46–54 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.46845/1997-3071-2023-68-46-54

11. Pilip L. V., Syrchina N. V., Kozvonin V. A., Kolevatykh E. P., Ashikhmina T. Ya., Sazanov A. V. Biological contamination of arable land with pig waste. Theoretical and Applied Ecology, 2022, no. 3, pр. 199–205 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-199-205

12. Pilip L. V., Syrchina N. V., Ashikhmina T. Ya., Kolevatykh E. P. Coliform bacteria as components in biofilm of manure effluents. South of Russia: Ecology, Development, 2023a, vol. 18, no. 3(68), рр. 118–125 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2023-3-118-125

13. Pilip L. V., Syrchina N. V., Kolevatykh E. P., Rutman V. V. Influence of various types of surfactants on gas emissions and microbiota of the liquid fraction of manure effluents. Theoretical and Applied Ecology, 2023b, no. 3, рр. 59–72 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2023-3-059-072

14. Pilip L. V., Syrchina N. V., Kolevatykh E. P. Safety assessment of regenerated litter obtained at the filtration and drying plant. Russian Journal of Applied Ecology, 2023c, no. 1(33), pр. 45–51 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.24852/2411-7374.2023.1.45.51

15. RD-APK 1.10.15.02-17. Methodological Recommendations for Technological Design Methodological Recommendations for Technological Design of Systems for Removal and Preparation for Use of Manure and Litter. Moscow, Rosinformagrotech, 2017. 172 p. (in Russian).

16. Regulation (EC) no 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009. Available at: https://fsvps.gov.ru/sites/default/files/fsvps-docs/ru/usefulinf/files/es1069-2009.pdf (accessed December 5, 2023).

17. Shilnikova I. I., Dyakova S. A., Kulaga E. V., Sokolova E. N., Tereshchenko I. V., Dmitrieva N. V. The identification and sensitivity to antibiotics of Clostridia, including Clostridia difficile isolated under infectious complications in oncologic patients. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 2016, vol. 61, no. 7, рр. 439–444 (in Russian).

18. Sukhina M. A., Savelev V. N. Epidemiology and pathogenicity of clinically significant anaerobes. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention, 2005, no. 1, рр. 41–44 (in Russian).

19. Syrchina N. V., Pilip L. V., Ashikhmina T. Ya. Chemical land degradation under the influence of animal husbandry waste. Theoretical and Applied Ecology, 2022, no. 3, pр. 219–225 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-219-225

20. Syrchina N. V., Pilip L. V., Kolevatykh E. P., Ashikhmina T. Ya. Effect of various processing methods on the numbers of Clostridium (Clostridia, Bacteria) in animal by-products. Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, 2023, no. 4, pp. 466–480 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2023-4-466-480

21. Zotova E. P., Trifonova T. I. The effect of exometabolites of lacto- and bifidobacteria on the human body. Academic Journal of West Siberia, 2016, vol. 12, no. 5, рр. 52–54 (in Russian).