Трансформация растительности как лимитирующий фактор существования популяций грызунов открытых пространств (на примере Spermophilus suslicus)

Приводится сравнительный анализ состава и структуры растительных сообществ в двух местах былого обитания крапчатого суслика (Spermophilus suslicus) в Николаевском районе Ульяновской области. Анализ современного состояния популяций S. suslicus в Поволжье показал, что на протяжении последних пятидесяти лет наблюдается критическое снижение численности вида, а в ряде регионов – его полное исчезновение. Рядом исследователей отмечается, что определенное влияние на эти процессы оказывают динамические изменения растительности. Поэтому целью нашей работы являлось сравнительное изучение растительности биотопов на момент высокой численности зверьков на фоне интенсивного выпаса и при отсутствии поселений суслика более 15 – 20 лет при отсутствии выпаса. Наши исследования показали, что происходит увеличение видового богатства и структурного разнообразия сообществ за счет внедрения в их состав видов боровой, неморальной и бореальной экологоценотических групп. Фитоценозы остепненных лугов с высоким участием Festuca valesiaca, Poa pratensis, Helictotrichon pubescens, Elytrigia repens после прекращения выпаса сменяются ценозами луговых степей с доминированием Bromopsis riparia, Poa angustifolia, Calamagrostis epigeios. Происходит увеличение общего проективного покрытия травостоя (с 40 до 60 – 70%). Кормовые виды, являющиеся фоновыми на момент высокой численности зверьков, резко сокращают свое участие в травостое. Характерны изменения экологических условий биотопов: современные сообщества формируются в более засушливых, менее богатых азотом и «кислых» местообитаниях. Сохранение и возможное восстановление поселений крапчатого суслика в Поволжье возможно при соблюдении научно обоснованного антропогенного воздействия, реализуемого в форме сенокошения и выпаса.

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