Токсины яда пауков-птицеедов (Theraphosidae, Arachnida) в межвидовых взаимодействиях

Пауки, как важнейшие энтомофаги экосистем, являются самыми многочисленными ядовитыми животными на планете и незаменимыми регуляторами численности популяций, истребляя, главным образом, насекомых и других мелких членистоногих. Пауки – неотъемлемая часть трофической цепи, они производят яд, который служит для обездвиживания добычи. Яды пауков являются «природной комбинаторной библиотекой» биологически активных веществ, с различной эффективностью и специфичностью. Особенностью биологического действия яда пауков является уникальное сочетание относительно низкой общей токсичности цельного яда, как для животных, так и для человека, с высокой селективностью взаимодействия нейротоксинов, входящих в состав яда, с молекулярными структурами ионных каналов и синаптических рецепторов нервной системы. Обзор знакомит с новыми фундаментальными фактами и идеями в активно развивающейся области изучения яда пауков-птицеедов и перспектив их практического применения в биомедицинских исследованиях для рационального конструирования лекарств (drug design). Рассмотрено современное состояние исследований уникального набора полипептидных токсинов, служащих химическими факторами (алломонами) межвидовых (аллелохимических) взаимодействий пауков-птицеедов семейства Thetaphosidae. Современная информация о структуре токсинов яда пауков-птицеедов анализируется по базе данных UniProt. Приведена новейшая биоэкологическая и токсинологическая характеристика пауков-птицеедов. Рассмотрена химическая природа и механизм действия уникальных токсинов, селективно действующих на ключевые процессы в нервной системе: синаптическую передачу и функционирование ионных каналов, что позволяет паукам-птицеедам не только взаимодействовать с различными молекулярными мишенями жертвы или хищника, но и реализовывать различные жизненные стратегии, приобретая эволюционное преимущество. 

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