Assessment of the Ecological Status of Springs in Western Kazakhstan on the Basis of Their Hydrochemical and Microbiological Parameters

The paper presents the results of our ecological monitoring of the status of three springs in the Atyrautsk region and twelve ones in the Western Kazakhstan region within the boundaries of Western Kazakhstan. The following properties of spring water samples are given: temperature, pH, debit, turbidity, total hardness, permanganate index, solid residue, total spring mineralization, dissolved oxygen, cations (ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), anions (nitrites, nitrates, carbonates, hydrocarbonates, chlorides, sulphates, and polyphosphates), heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, iron, chrome, manganese, cobalt, and nickel), petrochemicals and phenols in accordance with water quality hygiene standards of Kazakhstan Republic and Russian Federation. Microbiological indicators of our water survey are given (total microbe number, total coliform bacteria, and thermotolerant coliform bacteria) and spring bacterial contamination factors. All springs were found to have small debits except the Tilepbulak spring in the Atyrausk region (a semi-debit one). The water of almost all studied springs was neutral, except the Ainabulak spring in the Western Kazakhstan region, whose water was weakly acidic to violate the standard indicators of RF and KR. The sprigs under study differed by their hydrochemical indicators. The water in most of the springs violated the hygienic standards of RF and KR. In all the springs of the Atyraus region, the hygienic norms were exceeded by iron, chrome, manganese, nickel, and phenol. The water of one spring (the Ashituzbulak) weakly exceeded the accepted norm by petroproducts. High iron concentrations were found in two springs of the Western Kazakhstan region (Taskal-5, Serebryakov), chrome was in six ones (Taskal-5, Krasnenkoye, Tsiganovo-2 (Yegendibulak), Big Itchka, Ainabulak, Serebryakov), manganese was in two ones (Taskal-5, Serebryakov), nickel was in four ones (Taskal-5, Krasnenkoye, Tsiganovo-2 (Yegendibulak), Big Itchka, Ainabulak, Serebryakov), phenol was in five ones (Taskal-5, Krasnenkoye, Tsiganovo-2 (Yegendibulak), Big Itchka, Ainabulak). In the springs of the Atyraus and Western Kazakhstan regions, no deviations from the hygienic norms were found. The instability of microbiological indicators of water was due to the fact that most of the springs under study were located near inhabited places and actively used for living needs and watering of domestic animals. The paper suggests practical recommendations for the rational usage of springs within the boundaries of Western Kazakhstan.

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