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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sevin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ПОВОЛЖСКИЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1684-7318</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8963</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А. Н. Северцова РАН; Товарищество научных изданий КМК.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35885/1684-7318-2025-3-268-285</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sevin-676</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Род Naja (Elapidae, Serpentes) (настоящие кобры): актуальная систематика, токсинологическая характеристика и экологические группы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genus Naja (Elapidae, Serpentes) (True cobras): Current systematics, toxinological characteristics, and ecological groups</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3664-8112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гелашвили</surname><given-names>Д. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gelashvili</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Давид Бежанович Гелашвили</p><p>Институт биологии и биомедицины; кафедра экологии</p><p>603950; просп. Гагарина, д. 23; Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>David B. Gelashvili</p><p>Institute of Biology and Biomedicine; Department of Ecology</p><p>603950; 23 Gagarin Avenue; Nizhni Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gelashvili.david@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-7864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Борисовна Романова</p><p>603950; просп. Гагарина, д. 23; Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena B. Romanova</p><p>603950; 23 Gagarin Avenue; Nizhni Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">romanova@ibbm.unn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н. И. Лобачевского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>268</fpage><lpage>285</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гелашвили Д.Б., Романова Е.Б., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гелашвили Д.Б., Романова Е.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gelashvili D.B., Romanova E.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sevin.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/676">https://sevin.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/676</self-uri><abstract><p>   В обзоре мировой литературы представлена актуальная систематика, зоогеография, токсинология наиболее опасных и ядовитых змей рода Naja (настоящие кобры), включая вопросы происхождения, распространения и механизма реализации токсического эффекта у экологической группы «плюющихся кобр» (spitting cobras). Кобры являются одними из самых известных змей в мире, тем не менее, вплоть до конца ХХ в. систематика кобр оставалась на удивление слабо изученной. Применение молекулярно-филогенетических методов исследований привело к «афро-азиатской гонке разнообразия»: увеличению числа признанных африканских и азиатских видов кобр, что потребовало поистине «революционного» для герпетологии введения ранга подрода, сохраняя при этом номенклатурную стабильность группы знаковых видов. Вопросы систематики кобр имеют не только важный теоретический, но и сугубо прикладные – медицинский и зоотоксинологический – аспекты. Неполное (или спорное) понимание систематического положения вида может привести к драматическим ошибкам при лечении отравлений змеиным ядом, а наиболее часто – к некорректному применению моновалентных противозмеиных сывороток, поскольку также часто близкородственные и очень близкие и похожие виды змей могут иметь разные по составу, а значит и по механизму действия, яды. Кобры относятся к первично-ядовитым вооруженным активно-ядовитым животным, что способствует пластичному приспособлению к среде. Поэтому рассмотрение современного состояния исследований уникального набора полипептидных токсинов яда кобр, служащих химическими факторами (алломонами) межвидовых (аллелохимических) взаимодействий, имеет важное теоретическое и практическое значение. Подобные примеры можно найти среди животных многих систематических групп, но у кобр удивительным образом сбалансированы различные способы охоты и защиты с помощью ядовитого аппарата – парентеральное введение яда при укусе и выбрасывание («выплёвывание») при дистанционном контакте.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   This review of world literature presents the topical taxonomy, zoogeography and toxinology of the most dangerous and poisonous snakes of the genus Naja (True cobras), including questions of origin, distribution and mechanism of toxic effect in the ecological group of “spitting cobras”. Cobras are among the most famous snakes in the world, but cobra taxonomy remained surprisingly poorly understood until the late 20th century. The application of molecular-phylogenetic research methods has led to the “Afro–Asian race for diversity”, i.e. an increase in the number of recognized African and Asian cobra species, which required the truly “revolutionary” introduction of the subgenera rank for herpetology, while maintaining the nomenclatural stability of the group of iconic species. The cobra taxonomy issues have not only an important theoretical aspect, but also purely applied (medical and zootoxinological) ones. Incomplete (or questionable) under-standing of the taxonomic position of some species may lead to dramatic errors in the treatment of snakebite poisonings, and most often – to the incorrect use of monovalent antisnake serums, since often closely and similar snake species may have poisons differing in composition, and therefore in the mechanism of action. Cobras belong to the group of primarily poisonous armed actively poisonous animals, with plastic adaptation to the environment. The current state of re-search of the unique set of polypeptide toxins in cobra venom, which serve as chemical factors (allomones) of interspecies (allelochemical) interactions, is of great theoretical and practical significance. Similar examples could be found among animals of many systematic groups, but cobras have a surprisingly balanced variety of hunting and defense methods using their poisonous apparatus – parenteral poison administration during a bite and “spitting” during remote contact.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Naja (настоящие кобры)</kwd><kwd>«плюющиеся» кобры</kwd><kwd>алломоны</kwd><kwd>полипептидные токсины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Naja (True cobras)</kwd><kwd>“spitting” cobras</kwd><kwd>allomones</kwd><kwd>polypeptide toxins</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adamude F. A., Dingwoke E. J., Abubakar M. S., Ibrahim S., Mohamed G., Klein A., Sallau A. B. Proteomic analysis of three medically important Nigerian Naja (Naja haje, Naja katiensis and Naja nigricollis) snake venoms. 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