<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sevin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ПОВОЛЖСКИЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1684-7318</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8963</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А. Н. Северцова РАН; Товарищество научных изданий КМК.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35885/1684-7318-2022-4-431-451</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sevin-382</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Реконструкция динамики темнохвойных лесов Тебердинского заповедника и перспективы их естественного восстановления после массового усыхания</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Reconstruction of the dynamics of the dark coniferous forests of the Teberdinsky Nature Reserve and prospects for their natural recovery after mass drying out</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3493-2418</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пукинская</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pukinskaya</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>  Пукинская Мария Юрьевна</p><p> 197376, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Проф. Попова, д. 2 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2 Prof. Popova St., Saint Petersburg 197376 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pukinskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>431</fpage><lpage>451</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пукинская М.Ю., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пукинская М.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pukinskaya M.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sevin.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/382">https://sevin.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/382</self-uri><abstract><p>Проведено исследование массового усыхания ели восточной (Picea orientalis (L.) Link) в Тебердинском заповеднике (Северный Кавказ). Основной причиной усыхания явилась вспышка численности короеда-типографа (Ips typographus L.), массовое размножение которого произошло в жаркие сезоны 2012 и 2015 гг. Имеющийся подрост при этом не пострадал. К 2019 г., спустя 7 лет после начала массового усыхания ели, большинство очагов усыхания затухли, отмечены единичные действующие короедные очаги. Живых елей верхних ярусов почти не осталось. В небольшом количестве они сохранились в Домбайском лесничестве в смешанных древостоях из ели, пихты и бука. Как показало исследование, древостои двух из четырех лесничеств заповедника возникли на безлесном пространстве (250 и 350 лет назад). В дальнейшем три из четырех претерпели по одному сильному, но локальному нарушению в течение своего существования. Реконструкция истории темнохвойных древостоев обследованных лесничеств показывает высокую способность к естественному самовосстановлению тебердинских пихто-ельников после крупных нарушений. В ближайшей перспективе (после вывала сухостоя, который уже происходит) пробные площади будут представлять собой редкостойный пихтарник или пихтарник с буком, а большинство пробных площадей  станут рединами с отдельными пихтами. Современное массовое усыхание ели восточной в результате короедной эпифитотии имеет значительно большие масштабы нарушений как по площади, так и по степени разрушения древостоя. Этим оно принципиально отличается от нарушений прошлого. В такой ситуации особенно негативно будет сказываться нехватка семян. Поэтому сохранение предварительного хвойного подроста особенно актуально.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A study was made of the mass drying of the eastern spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link) in the Teberdinsky Nature Reserve (North Caucasus). The main cause of the drying was an outbreak of the number of bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) whose mass reproduction occurred in the hot seasons of 2012 and 2015. The existing undergrowth was not affected. By 2019, 7 years after the beginning of the mass drying of spruce, most of the groups of drying had died out, single active bark beetle foci were noted. There are almost no live spruces of the upper tiers left. In small numbers, they have been preserved in the Dombai forestry in mixed stands of Picea orientalis (L.) Link, Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach and Fagus orientalis Lipsky. As our study showed, the stands of two of the four forest areas of the reserve originated in a treeless space (250 and 350 years ago). Subsequently, three of the four underwent one strong, but local disturbance during their existence. Reconstruction of the history of dark coniferous stands of the surveyed forest areas shows a high ability for natural self-healing of the Teberdinsky fir-spruce forests after massive disturbances. In the near future (after the fall of dead wood, which is already happening), the stands of sample plots will be a sparse forest from Abies or Abies with Fagus, and most of the sample plots will become open stands with single Abies trees. The modern mass drying of the eastern spruce as a result of bark-borne epiphytotics has a much larger scale of disturbances both in the area and in the degree of destruction of the stand. This is fundamentally different from the disturbances of the past. In such a situation, the shortage of seeds will have a particularly negative impact. Therefore, the preservation of preliminary coniferous undergrowth is especially important.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Picea orientalis</kwd><kwd>динамика еловых лесов</kwd><kwd>усыхание еловых лесов</kwd><kwd>Ips typographus</kwd><kwd>Тебердинский заповедник</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Picea orientalis</kwd><kwd>dynamics of spruce forests</kwd><kwd>drying out of spruce forests</kwd><kwd>Ips typographus</kwd><kwd>Teberdinsky reserve</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абатуров А. В., Меланхолин П. Н. Естественная динамика леса на постоянных пробных площадях в Подмосковье. Тула : Гриф и К, 2004. 336 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abaturov A. V., Melankholin P. N. Estestvennaia dinamika lesa na postoiannykh probnykh ploshchadiakh v Podmoskov'e [Natural Dynamics of the Forest on Permanent Trial Areas in the Moscow Region]. Tula, Grif i K Publ., 2004. 336 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власенко В. И. Усыхающие ельники среднего Сихотэ-Алиня // Ритмы и катастрофы в растительном покрове Дальнего Востока. Владивосток : Ботанический сад-институт Дальневосточного отделения РАН, 2005. С. 129 – 135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasenko V. I. Shrinking spruce forests of middle Sikhote-Alin. In: Rhythms and Catastrophes in the Vegetation Cover of the Far East. Vladivostok, Botanical Garden-Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the RAS Publ., 2005, pp. 129–135 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джапаридзе Т. М. Рост и развитие подроста ели и пихты при разных режимах освещения // Состояние возобновления и пути формирования молодняков на концентрированных вырубках Северо-Запада Европейской части СССР: тезисы докладов к Всесоюзному совещанию. Архангельск : Архангельский ин-т леса и лесохимии, 1971. С. 283 – 285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzhaparidze T. M. Growth and development of fir undergrowth under different lighting  conditions. In: Sostoianie vozobnovleniia i puti formirovaniia molodniakov na kontsentrirovannykh vyrubkakh Severo-Zapada Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR: tezisy dokladov k Vsesoiuznomu soveshcha-niiu [The State of Renewal and Ways of Formation of Young Trees in the Concentrated Cuttings of the North-West of the European part of the USSR: Abstracts of Reports to the AllUnion Meeting]. Arkhangel’sk, Arkhangel'skii institut lesa i lesokhimii Publ., 1971, pp. 283–285 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дыренков С. А., Чертов О. Г., Кобак Э. О., Шергольд О. Э., Канисов Г. Н. Структура и динамика ненарушенных древостоев средне- и южнотаежных ельников Пермской области // Леса Урала и хозяйство в них. Свердловск : Средне-Уральское книжное изд-во, 1970. Вып. 5. С. 71 – 74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyrenkov S. A., Chertov O. G., Kobak E. O., Shergold O. E., Kanisov G. N. Structure and dynamics of undisturbed stands of middle and Southern taiga spruce forests of the Perm region. In: Lesa Urala i khoziaistvo v nikh [Forests of the Urals and the Economy in Them]. Sverdlovsk, Sredne-Ural'skoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1970, iss. 5, pp. 71–74 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">. Кузнецов Н. А. Задвинские ельники. К вопросу о массовом подсыхании ели и в связи с ним о некоторых изменениях в хозяйстве пиловочных дач // Лесной журнал. 1912. № 10. С. 1164 – 1204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov N. A. Zadvinskie spruce forests. On the issue of mass drying ate and in connection with it about some changes in the household of log houses. Lesnoy zhurnal, 1912, no. 10, pp. 1164–1204 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куренцов А. И. К вопросу об усыхании аянской ели в горах Сихотэ-Алиня // Комаровские чтения. 1950. Вып. II. С. 3 – 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurentsov A. I. On the issue of drying of the Ayan spruce in the Sikhote-Alin mountains. Komarovskiye chteniya, 1950, iss. II, pp. 3–19 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курнаев С. Ф. Лесорастительное районирование СССР. М. : Наука, 1973. 202 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurnaev S. F. Lesorastitel'noe raionirovanie SSSR [Forest-growing Zoning of the USSR]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1973. 202 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малахова Е. Г., Лямцев Н. И. Распространение и структура очагов усыхания еловых лесов Подмосковья в 2010 – 2012 годах // Известия Санкт-Петербургской лесотехнической академии. 2014. № 207. С. 193 – 201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malakhova E. G., Lyamtsev N. I. Extent and structure of Moscow region spruce forest dieback in 2010–2012. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj lesotehniceskoj akademii, 2014, no. 207, pp. 193–201 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Манько Ю. И., Гладкова Г. А. О факторах усыхания елово-пихтовых лесов на Дальнем Востоке // Лесоведение. 1995. № 2. С. 3 – 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manko Yu. I., Gladkova G. A. On the factors of drying of spruce-fir forests in the Far East. Lesovedenie, 1995, no. 2, pp. 3–12 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Манько Ю. И., Гладкова Г. А. Основные итоги изучения усыхания пихтово-еловых лесов на российском Дальнем Востоке // Региональные основы организации и ведения лесного хозяйства. Хабаровск : Дальневосточный НИИ лесного хоз-ва, 2001. Вып. 35. С. 137 – 166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manko Yu. I., Gladkova G. A. The main results of the study of the drying out of fir-spruce forests in the Russian Far East. In: Regional'nye osnovy organizatsii i vedeniia lesnogo khoziaistva [Regional Fundamentals of Forestry Organization and Management]. Khabarovsk, Dal'nevostochnyi NII lesnogo khoziaistva Publ., 2001, iss. 35, pp. 137–166 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методические рекомендации по проведению государственной инвентаризации лесов. Утверждены приказом № 472 Рослесхоза от 10.11.2011 г. М., 2011. С. 119 – 120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po provedeniiu gosudarstvennoi inventarizatsii lesov. Utverzhdeny prikazom № 472 Rosleskhoza ot 10.11.2011 g. [Methodical Recommendations on the State Forest Inventory Conduct. Approved by Order No. 472 of the Federal Forestry Agency of 10 November 2011]. Moscow, 2011, pp. 119–120 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Метревели П. А. Некоторые особенности строения, роста и развития темно-хвойных лесов // Вестник Грузинского ботанического общества. 1966. № 3. С. 60 – 72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metreveli P. A. Some features of the structure, growth and development of dark coniferous forests. Vestnik Gruzinskogo botanicheskogo obshchestva, 1966, no. 3, pp. 60–72 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мильков Ф. Н., Гвоздецкий Н. А. Физическая география СССР. М. : Мысль, 1969. 250 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milkov F. N., Gvozdetsky N. A. Fizicheskaia geografiia SSSR [Physical Geography of the USSR]. Moscow, Mysl' Publ., 1969. 250 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Неволин О. А., Грицынин А. Н., Торхов С. В. О распаде и гибели высоковозрастных ельников в Березниковском лесхозе Архангельской области // Лесной журнал. 2005. № 6. С. 7 – 22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nevolin O. A., Gritsynin A. N., Torkhov S. V. On decay and downfall of over-mature spruce forests in Beresnik forestry unit of Arkhangelsk region. Lesnoy zhurnal, 2005, no. 6, pp. 7–22 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлов А. Я. Взаимоотношения кавказской пихты и восточной ели на Северном Кавказе // Бюллетень МОИП. Отдел биологический. 1949. Т. 65, вып. 2. С. 81 – 90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlov A. Ya. The relationship of Caucasian fir and Eastern spruce in the North Caucasus. Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists, Biological Series, 1949, vol. 65, iss. 2, pp. 81–90 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлов А. Я. Темнохвойные леса Северного Кавказа. М. : Изд-во АН СССР, 1951. 256 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlov A. Ya. Temnokhvoinye lesa Severnogo Kavkaza [Dark Coniferous Forests of the North Caucasus]. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1951. 256 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пукинская М. Ю. Формирование еловых древостоев на сплошных вывалах Центрально-Лесного заповедника и проблема естественного восстановления ельников // Ботанический журнал. 2009. Т. 94, № 11. С. 1657 – 1672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pukinskayaa M. Yu. Spruce stands forming in storm gaps of Central Forest Reserve and problem of spruce forest natural regeneration. Botanicheskii zhurnal, 2009, vol. 94, no. 11, pp. 1657–1672 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пукинская М. Ю. К методике изучения естественных нарушений в еловых лесах по дендрохронограммам // Ботанический журнал. 2014. Т. 99, № 6. С. 690 – 701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pukinskayaa M. Yu. On the methods of studying natural disturbances in spruce forests by dendrohronograms. Botanicheskii zhurnal, 2014, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 690–701 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пукинская М. Ю. Очаговое усыхание ели в южнотаежных ельниках // Ботанический журнал. 2016. Т. 101, № 6. С. 650 – 671.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pukinskayaa M. Yu. The group spruce decline in forests of south taiga. Botanicheskii zhurnal, 2016, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 650–671 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пукинская М. Ю. Возобновление темнохвойных пород в очагах усыхания ели восточной (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) в Тебердинском заповеднике (Западный Кавказ) // Ботанический журнал. 2021. Т. 106, № 12. С. 1167 – 1179.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pukinskayaa M. Yu. Regeneration of dark coniferous species in the groups of Picea orientalis (Pinaceae) drying in the Teberda Nature Reserve (Western Caucasus). Botanicheskii zhurnal, 2021, vol. 106, no. 12, pp. 1167–1179 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пукинская М. Ю., Кессель Д. С., Щукина К. В. Усыхание пихто-ельников Тебердинского заповедника // Ботанический журнал. 2019. Т. 104, № 3. С. 337 – 362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pukinskayaa M. Yu., Kessela D. S., Shchukinaa K. V. Drying of fir-spruce forests of the Teberda Nature Reserve. Botanicheskii zhurnal, 2019, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 337–362 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Разумовский С. М. Труды по экологии и биогеографии (полное собрание сочинений). М. : Т-во науч. изд. КМК, 2011. 722 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razumovskiy S. M. Trudy po ekologii i biogeografii (polnoe sobranie sochinenii) [Works on Ecology and Biogeography (Complete Works)]. Moscow, KMK Scientific Press Ltd., 2011. 722 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Розенберг В. А. Некоторые вопросы развития пихтово-еловых лесов южного СихотэАлиня // Вопросы сельского и лесного хозяйства Дальнего Востока. Владивосток : Приморское книжное изд-во, 1961. № 3. С. 195 – 215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozenberg V. A. Some issues of development of fir-spruce forests of the southern Sikhote-Alin. Voprosy sel'skogo i lesnogo khoziaistva Dal'nego Vostoka [Issues of Agriculture and Forestry of the Far East]. Vladivostok, Primorskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1961, no. 3, pp. 195–215 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соснин Л. И. Восточная ель в Кавказском заповеднике // Охрана природы. 1949. № 7. С. 123 – 129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sosnin L. I. Eastern spruce in the Caucasian Reserve. Okhrana prirody, 1949, no. 7, pp. 123–129 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Теринов Н. И. Влияние деятельности человека на увеличение пихты в составе темнохвойно-широколиственных лесов Среднего Урала // Лесообразовательные процессы на Урале. Свердловск : УНЦ АН СССР, 1970. С. 124 – 142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terinov N. I. The influence of human activity on the increase of fir in the composition of dark coniferous broad-leaved forests of the Middle Urals. In: Lesoobrazovatel'nye protsessy na Urale [Forest Formation Processes in the Urals]. Sverdlovsk, UNTs AN SSSR Publ., 1970, pp. 124 – 142 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тумаджанов И. И. Лесная растительность долины Теберды в свете послеледниковой истории развития фитоландшафтов // Труды Тбилисского ботанического института. 1947. Т. 11. С. 3 – 106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tumadzhanov I. I. Forest vegetation of the Teberdy valley in the light of the post-glacial history of phytolandscapes development. Trudy Tbilisskogo botanicheskogo instituta, 1947, vol. 11, pp. 3 – 106 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоров Н. И. Основные факторы региональных массовых усыханий ели в лесах Восточной Европы // Грибные сообщества лесных экосистем: материалы координационных исследований. Петрозаводск : Карельский научный центр РАН, 2000. С. 252 – 291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorov N. I. The main factors of regional mass drying of spruce in the forests of Eastern Europe. In: Fungal Communities of Forest Ecosystems. Materials of Coordination Studies. Petrozavodsk, Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2000, pp. 252–291 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаустов Л. В. Определение возраста ели по виду коры // Лесное хозяйство. 1955. № 8. С. 82 – 84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaustov L. V. Determining the age of spruce by the type of Bark. Lesnoe khoziaistvo, 1955, no. 8, pp. 82–84 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черепанов С. К. Сосудистые растения России и сопредельных государств. СПб. : Мир и семья-95, 1995. 992 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Czerepanov S. K. Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the former USSR). Saint Petersburg, Mir i sem'ia-95 Publ., 1995. 992 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrei S., Ifrim I.-L. Ips infestation – a global problem for coniferous in the face of climate change // Scientific Study &amp; Research. Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Food Industry. 2021. Vol. 22, № 2. P. 245 – 261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrei S., Ifrim I.-L. Ips infestation – a global problem for coniferous in the face of climate change. Scientific Study &amp; Research. Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Food Industry, 2021, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 245–261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Čada V., Svoboda M., Janda P. Dendrochronological reconstruction of the disturbance history and past development of the mountain Norway spruce in the Bohemian forest, Central Europe // Forest Ecology and Management. 2013. Vol. 295. P. 59 – 68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Čada V., Svoboda M., Janda P. Dendrochronological reconstruction of the disturbance history and past development of the mountain Norway spruce in the Bohemian forest, Central Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 2013, vol. 295, pp. 59–68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fischer A., Fischer H. S., Kopecký M., Macek M., Wild J. Small changes in species composition despite stand-replacing bark beetle outbreak in Picea abies mountain forests // Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2015. Vol. 45, № 9. P. 1164 – 1171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fischer A., Fischer H. S., Kopecký M., Macek M., Wild J. Small changes in species composition despite stand-replacing bark beetle outbreak in Picea abies mountain forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2015, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1164–1171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fora C. G., Balog A. The Effects of the management strategies on spruce bark bee-tles populations (Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus), in Apuseni Natural Park, Romania // Forests. 2021. Vol. 12. Article number 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060760</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fora C. G., Balog A. The Effects of the management strategies on spruce bark beetles populations (Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus), in Apuseni Natural Park, Romania. Forests, 2021, vol. 12, article number 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060760</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Izworska K., Muter E., Fleischer P., Zielonka T. Delay of growth release after a windthrow event and climate response in a light demanding species (European larch Larix decidua Mill.) // Trees. 2022. Vol. 36, iss. 1. P. 427 – 438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02218-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izworska K., Muter E., Fleischer P., Zielonka T. Delay of growth release after a windthrow event and climate response in a light demanding species (European larch Larix decidua Mill.). Trees, 2022, vol. 36, iss. 1, pp. 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02218-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jonášová M., Prach K. Central-European mountain spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests: Regeneration of tree species after a bark beetle outbreak // Ecological Engineering. 2004. Vol. 23, iss. 1. P. 15–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jonášová M., Prach K. Central-European mountain spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests: Regeneration of tree species after a bark beetle outbreak. Ecological Engineering, 2004, vol. 23, iss. 1, pp. 15–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jonášová M., Prach K. The influence of bark beetles outbreak vs. salvage logging on ground layer vegetation in Central European mountain spruce forests // Biological Conservation. 2008. Vol. 141, iss. 6. P. 1525 – 1535.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jonášová M., Prach K. The influence of bark beetles outbreak vs. salvage logging on ground layer vegetation in Central European mountain spruce forests. Biological Conservation, 2008, vol. 141, iss. 6, pp. 1525–1535.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lorimer C. G. Age structure and disturbance history of a Southern Appalachian Virgin forest // Ecology. 1980. Vol. 61, iss. 5. P. 1169 – 1184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lorimer C. G. Age structure and disturbance history of a Southern Appalachian Virgin forest. Ecology, 1980, vol. 61, iss. 5, pp. 1169–1184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mezeia P., Jakuša R., Pennerstorferc J., Havašováa M., Škvareninad J., Ferenčíke J., Slivinskýe J., Bičárováf S., Bilčíkf D., Blaženeca M., Nethererc S. Storms, temperature maxima and the Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus – An infernal trio in Norway spruce forests of the Central European High Tatra Mountains // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2017. Vol. 242. P. 85 – 95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mezeia P., Jakuša R., Pennerstorferc J., Havašováa M., Škvareninad J., Ferenčíke J., Slivinskýe J., Bičárováf S., Bilčíkf D., Blaženeca M., Nethererc S. Storms, temperature maxima and the Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus – An infernal trio in Norway spruce forests of the Central European High Tatra Mountains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2017, vol. 242, pp. 85–95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stoffel M., Bollschweiler M. Tree-ring analysis in natural hazards research – An overview // Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2008. Vol. 8, iss. 2. P. 187 – 202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stoffel M., Bollschweiler M. Tree-ring analysis in natural hazards research – An overview. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2008, vol. 8, iss. 2, pp. 187–202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svoboda M., Janda P., Nagel T. A., Fraver S., Rejaek J., Bace R. Disturbance history of an oldgrowth sub-alpine Picea abies stand in the Bohemian Forest Czech Republic // Journal of Vegetation Science. 2011. Vol. 23, iss. 1. P. 86 – 97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01329.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svoboda M., Janda P., Nagel T. A., Fraver S., Rejaek J., Bace R. Disturbance history of an oldgrowth sub-alpine Picea abies stand in the Bohemian Forest Czech Republic. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2011, vol. 23, iss. 1, pp. 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01329.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsvetanov N., Nikolova N., Panayotov M. Trees reaction after windthrow recorded in tree rings of pristine Picea abies forest ”Parangalitsa” // Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology. Vol. 9. Proceedings of the Dendrosymposium 2010 (April 22nd – 25th, 2010 in Freiburg, Germany). Potsdam : GeoForschungsZentrum, 2011. P. 89 – 96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsvetanov N., Nikolova N., Panayotov M. Trees reaction after windthrow recorded in tree rings of pristine Picea abies forest ”Parangalitsa”. Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology. Vol. 9. Proceedings of the Dendrosymposium 2010 (April 22nd – 25th, 2010 in Freiburg, Germany). Potsdam, GeoForschungsZentrum, 2011, pp. 89–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanickáa H., Holušaa J., Resnerováa K., Ferenčíkb J., Potterfc M., Vélea A., Grodzkif W. Interventions have limited effects on the population dynamics of Ips typographus and its natural enemies in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe) // Forest Ecology and Management. 2020. Vol. 470 – 471. Article number 118209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanickáa H., Holušaa J., Resnerováa K., Ferenčíkb J., Potterfc M., Vélea A., Grodzkif W. Interventions have limited effects on the population dynamics of Ips typographus and its natural enemies in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe). Forest Ecology and Management, 2020, vol. 470–471, article number 118209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zielonka T., Holeksa J., Fleischer P., Kapusta P. A tree-ring reconstruction of wind disturbances in a forest of the Slovakian Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians // Journal of Vegetation Science. 2010. Vol. 21, iss. 1. P. 31 – 42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01121.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zielonka T., Holeksa J., Fleischer P., Kapusta P. A tree-ring reconstruction of wind disturbances in a forest of the Slovakian Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2010, vol. 21, iss. 1, pp. 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2 009.01121.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
