sevinПОВОЛЖСКИЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛPovolzhskiy Journal of Ecology1684-73182541-8963Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А. Н. Северцова РАН; Товарищество научных изданий КМК.10.35885/1684-7318-2019-4-503-523sevin-175Research ArticleСТАТЬИARTICLESПопуляционная устойчивость мелких млекопитающих. Почему это важно и от чего это зависит?Population Resilience of Small Mammals. Why it is Important and What it Depends On?ЩипановН. А.ShchipanovN. A.

117071, Москва, Ленинский просп., 33

33 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119071

shchipa@mail.ruИнститут проблем экологии и эволюции им. А. Н. Северцова РАНРоссияA. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation20191402202004503523Copyright © Щипанов Н.А., 20202020Щипанов Н.А.Shchipanov N.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://sevin.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/175

Мелкие млекопитающие являются активным компонентом экосистем, которые поддерживают поток энергии и материи и которые отвечают как за строительство, так и за поддержание среды обитания. Такая деятельность жизненно важна для процветания человека, поскольку она поддерживает химическое и физическое качество среды, в которой человек приспособлен как биологический вид. Современная деятельность человека привела к разрушению ряда естественных мест обитания и, как следствие, к резким изменениям численности вида. Некоторые виды стали настолько многочисленными, что создают проблемы для здоровья человека, сельского хозяйства и промышленности. Некоторые ранее распространенные и даже вредные мелкие млекопитающие, напротив, сократились в распространении и численности и попали в категорию уязвимых видов. В обоих случаях экологически обоснованное управление популяциями необходимо для поддержания оптимальной численности видов. Эффективное экологически обоснованное управление популяциями может основываться на базовых принципах популяционной экологии. Это подразумевает понимание внешних и внутренних факторов, влияющих на численность населения. Здесь рассматриваются некоторые фундаментальные принципы, которые могут быть применены к оперативному управлению популяциями. Также автор останавливается на некоторых особенностях популяционных реакций, разработанных в российской экологической школе. Основываясь на хорошо известных принципах поддержки численности популяций, он предлагает классификацию видов с точки зрения их способности обеспечивать и изменять тип функции в локальных популяциях. Классификация позволяет выделить три группы видов с предсказуемой устойчивостью населения. Приспособленные к различной экологической нестабильности, виды этих групп требуют различной тактики сохранения.

Small mammals are an active component of ecosystems that supports energy and matter flows and they are responsible for both construction of and maintaining their habitat. Such activity is vital for human prosperity, as it supports the chemical and physical quality of the environment where the human is adapted as a biological species. The contemporary human activity has resulted in destruction of a number of natural habitats and, as a consequence, in drastic changes in the species abundance. Some species have become so abundant that pose problems for human health, agriculture, and industries. Some formerly common and even pest small mammals, on the contrary, have reduced in distribution and numbers and now fall in the category of vulnerable species. In both cases, ecologically-based management of populations is required to maintain an optimal abundance of various species. Effective ecologically-based management of populations could be based on the basic principles of population ecology. It implies our understanding of both external and internal factors affecting the population abundance. Here, I review some fundamental principles which could be applied to operational management of populations. Also, I focus on some specifics of population reactions which have been elaborated in the Russian ecological school. Based on the well-known principles of supporting the numbers of populations, I propose a classification of species in terms of their ability to provide and change the type of functions in local populations. My classification allows distinguishing three groups of species with predictable resilience of population. Fitted to various environmental instabilities, the species of these groups require different conservation tactics.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.